Introduction
In the last few years of the IT industry, there has been a huge demand for once particular skill set known as Deep Learning.
Deep Learning a subset of Machine Learning which consists of algorithms that are inspired by the functioning of the human brain or the neural networks. These structures are called as Neural Networks.
It teaches the computer to do what naturally comes to humans. Within Deep learning, there are several types of models such as the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Autoencoders, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Reinforcement Learning.
But there has been one particular model that has contributed a lot in the field of computer vision and image analysis which is the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) or the ConvNets.
CNNs are a class of Deep Neural Networks which can recognize and classify particular features from images and are widely used for analysing visual images.
Their applications range from image and video recognition, image classification, medical image analysis, computer vision and natural language processing.
The term ‘Convolution” in CNN denotes the mathematical function of convolution which is a special kind of linear operation wherein two functions are multiplied to produce a third function which expresses how the shape of one function is modified by the other.
In simple terms, two images which can be represented as matrices are multiplied to give an output that is used to extract features from the image.
Basic Architecture –
There are two main parts to a CNN architecture
- A convolution tool that separates and identifies the various features of the image for analysis in a process called as Feature Extraction
- A fully connected layer that utilizes the output from the convolution process and predicts the class of the image based on the features extracted in previous stages.
Convolution Layers –
There are three types of layers that make up the CNN which are the convolutional layers, pooling layers and fully-connected (FC) layers.
When these layers are stacked, a CNN architecture will be formed. In addition to these three layers, there are two more important parameters which are the dropout layer and the activation function which are defined below.
1. Convolutional Layer –
This layer is the first layer that is used to extract the various features from the input images. In this layer, the mathematical operation of convolution is performed between the input image and a filter of a particular size MxM.
By sliding the filter over the input image, the dot product is taken between the filter and the parts of the input image with respect to the size of the filter (MxM).
The output is termed as the Feature map which gives us information about the image such as the corners and edges. Later, this feature map is fed to other layers to learn several other features of the input image.
2. Pooling Layer-
In most cases, a Convolutional Layer is followed by a Pooling Layer. The primary aim of this layer is to decrease the size of the convolved feature map to reduce the computational costs.
This is performed by decreasing the connections between layers and independently operates on each feature map. Depending upon method used, there are several types of Pooling operations.
In Max Pooling, the largest element is taken from feature map. Average Pooling calculates the average of the elements in a predefined sized Image section.
The total sum of the elements in the predefined section is computed in Sum Pooling. The Pooling Layer usually serves as a bridge between the Convolutional Layer and the FC Layer
3. Fully Connected Layer –
The Fully Connected (FC) layer consists of the weights and biases along with the neurons and is used to connect the neurons between two different layers.
These layers are usually placed before the output layer and form the last few layers of a CNN Architecture.
In this, the input image from the previous layers are flattened and fed to the FC layer. The flattened vector then undergoes few more FC layers where the mathematical functions operations usually take place. In this stage, the classification process begins to take place.
4. Dropout
Usually, when all the features are connected to the FC layer, it can cause overfitting in the training dataset.
Overfitting occurs when a particular model works so well on the training data causing a negative impact in the model’s performance when used on a new data.
To overcome this problem, a dropout layer is utilised wherein a few neurons are dropped from the neural network during training process resulting in reduced size of the model. On passing a dropout of 0.3, 30% of the nodes are dropped out randomly from the neural network.
5. Activation Functions
Finally, one of the most important parameters of the CNN model is the activation function. They are used to learn and approximate any kind of continuous and complex relationship between variables of the network.
In simple words, it decides which information of the model should fire in the forward direction and which ones should not at the end of the network. It adds non-linearity to the network.
There are several commonly used activation functions such as the ReLU, Softmax, tanH and the Sigmoid functions.
Each of these functions have a specific usage. For a binary classification CNN model, sigmoid and softmax functions are preferred an for a multi-class classification, generally softmax us used.
LeNet-5 CNN Architecture –
In 1998, the LeNet-5 architecture was introduced in a research paper titled “Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition” by Yann LeCun, Leon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner. It is one of the earliest and most basic CNN architecture.
It consists of 7 layers. The first layer consists of an input image with dimensions of 32×32. It is convolved with 6 filters of size 5×5 resulting in dimension of 28x28x6. The second layer is a Pooling operation which filter size 2×2 and stride of 2. Hence the resulting image dimension will be 14x14x6.
Similarly, the third layer also involves in a convolution operation with 16 filters of size 5×5 followed by a fourth pooling layer with similar filter size of 2×2 and stride of 2. Thus, the resulting image dimension will be reduced to 5x5x16.
Once the image dimension is reduced, the fifth layer is a fully connected convolutional layer with 120 filters each of size 5×5. In this layer, each of the 120 units in this layer will be connected to the 400 (5x5x16) units from the previous layers. The sixth layer is also a fully connected layer with 84 units.
The final seventh layer will be a softmax output layer with ‘n’ possible classes depending upon the number of classes in the dataset.
Below are the snapshots of the Python code to build a LeNet-5 CNN architecture using keras library with TensorFlow framework
In Python Programming, the model type that is most commonly used is the Sequential type. It is the easiest way to build a CNN model in keras. It permits us to build a model layer by layer. The ‘add()’ function is used to add layers to the model.
As explained above, for the LeNet-5 architecture, there are two Convolution and Pooling pairs followed by a Flatten layer which is usually used as a connection between Convolution and the Dense layers.
The Dense layers are the ones that are mostly used for the output layers. The activation used is the ‘Softmax’ which gives a probability for each class and they sum up totally to 1. The model will make it’s prediction based on the class with highest probability.
The summary of the model is displayed as below.
Conclusion
Hence, in this article we have understood the basic CNN structure, it’s architecture and the various layers that make up the CNN model. Also, we have seen an architectural example of a very famous and traditional LeNet-5 model with its Python program.
Author Bio:
Pavan Vadapalli, Director of Engineering @ upGrad, an ed-tech platform in India which provides data science, machine learning courses. Motivated to leverage technology to solve problems. Seasoned leader for startups and fast moving orgs. Working on solving problems of scale and long term technology strategy.
